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Kunu (also known as kununzaki) is a non-alcoholic beverage consumed throughout Nigeria, mostly in the north. It is usually made from grains such as millet, sorghum, or sometimes maize. The variety of the drink made from sorghum is a milky light-brown colour, whilst that which is made from millet and maize is whitish in colour. It is rich in vitamins especially B1 and B2 and also rich in essential mineral elements.
Kunun zaki drink is a very refreshing and drink but the traditionally processed kunun has a very short shelf -life hence requires adequate preservatives to make it shelf stable and of high keeping quality. The main raw materials (Sorghum, millet or a combination of both) are readily available in commercial quantities in the Nigeria, especially the Northern parts. To improve the shelf-life of kunun-zaki and make it available in a hygienic manner, various technological processes, and researches have been carried out by research institutes in Nigeria.
PRODUCTION PROCESS (Courtsey of FIIRO)
The production and preservation of kunun-zaki include the following simple processing steps.
Sorting; the grains are sorted to obtain wholesome grain for processing
Weighing; the sorted grains are then weighed accurately
Washing and soaking; the weighed grains are washed thoroughly and soaked for about 24 hours
Washing and draining; the soaked grains are washed thoroughly again and allowed to drain
Wet milling; the grains are wet milled in a hammer mill (ginger, sweet potato or pepper is added)
Sieving; the wet milled grains are sieved with adequate quantity of potable water.
Heating; the filtrate after sieving is heated over a period of time
Addition of preservative; the right quantity of preservative and flavor are added followed by thorough mixing
Filteration; the kunun-zaki is filtered to remove suspended particles
Pasteurization; the kunun-zaki is subjected to heat treatment to destroy micro-organism, prevent fermentation and inhibit undesireable enzyme activities
Cooling and packaging; Pasteurized kunun-zaki is cooled to room temperature, bottled, labeled and packaged in cartons. And now ready for sale.
RAW MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND UTILITIES
The major raw material for kunun-zaki production is sorghum. Sodium Benzoate and sugar are used as preservatives and sweetener respectively.
The main items of supplies are packaging materials which include; plastic bottles, cartons and labels. The main utility items are electricity, water and diesel.
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
The machinery and equipment required for the production of kunun-zaki are; soaking tank, hammer mill, pasteurizer, kunu-zaki reactor, filling machine, vibro sifter, sedimentation tank, shrink wrapper and other accessories.
The cost and installation of the various machineries listed above for a 2,500 L kunu-zaki production/ day can be made on request.
LABOUR REQUIREMENT
Both skilled and unskilled labour are required for this project. For a small scale production, a total of about 47 workers are required for production, marketing, accounting and administration of the project.
CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
The estimated total initial investment is ₦27,228,530.00. This consists of the initial fixed capital of ₦15,530,320.00 (Including factory building, machine and equipment, generator, project vehicle, office furniture and equipment, and borehole), initial working capital of N9,843,680.00, and pre-production expenses of N1,854,530.00.
SPACE REQUIREMENT
A plot of land is adequate for the project but the actual factory construction could be 25m X 25m.
PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
Production Days/Week : 6
Production Week/Annum : 50
Production Day/Annum : 300
Production Volume /Day : 2,500 litres or 5,000 Bottles (50cl)
Production Volume/Annum : 750,000 Litres or 1,500,00 Bottles (50cl)
Input Output : 1kg (Sorghum) gives 8 Liters Kunu
PROFITABLITY N”000
Total revenue 82,800.00
Total production cost 72,783.00
Gross profit before tax 10,017.00
Tax @30% 3,005.10
NET PROFIT 7,011.90
Gross profit to sales 12.90%
Net Profit to sales 8.46%
Return on investment (Year 1) 25.75%
Return on equity (Year 1) 64.38%
Payback Period 1.2 years
Break – Even Point 60.08%
Net Present Value 1,565.24
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REFERENCES
Culled from; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunu
Curtsey of Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, FIIRO; material on kunun-zaki production.
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